DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, is an omega-3 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in brain development, particularly during infancy and early childhood. European regulation (EU 2016/127) mandates that from February 2020 onward, all infant formula (IF) and follow-on formulas (FOF) marketed in the European Union must contain 20-50mg DHA/100 kcal (the equivalent of 0.5-1% of total fatty acids). However, arachidonic acid (ARA) remains an optional ingredient and is not required to be added to the finished product.

1. 1. 1. The human brain undergoes rapid growth and development during the first few years of life, and DHA is a key component of the structural lipids in brain gray matter.
      2. Studies have shown that infants who receive adequate levels of DHA in their diet, either through breast milk or fortified formula, may have better cognitive development and visual acuity compared to those who do not.
      3. Breast milk naturally contains DHA, and the levels can vary depending on the mother’s diet. However, many infant formulas are now fortified with DHA to ensure that formula-fed babies also receive this important nutrient.
      4. DHA supplementation in infant formula has been linked to improvements in visual function and may also support neurodevelopmental outcomes such as better attention and problem-solving skills.
      5. DHA is believed to exert its effects on brain development by influencing membrane fluidity, neurotransmission, and synaptogenesis, which are crucial processes in neuronal communication and connectivity.
      6. Some studies suggest that DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation may also have benefits for the developing fetus and breastfeeding infants, potentially contributing to long-term cognitive health.